內(nèi)容: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology in the food industry, and in recent years, with its unique advantages, it has been widely used in the food industry. Its organic combination with food production provides customization, personalization, and intelligent features. The combination of plant-based food raw materials with 3D printing technology to produce food has a broad space for development in catering to people’s pursuit of healthy diets. To facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the application of plant-based food raw materials in food 3D printing, we classified inks into molten, soft, and hydrogel materials according to their state of existence and rheological properties under different conditions. The applications of different plant-based raw food materials in 3D printing are reviewed separately by ink type. This is expected to enrich the coverage of the review in related fields, enabling a quick understanding of the research direction and enriching the research content.

內(nèi)容: Glycoprotein complexes, a kind of structural biomolecules, are characterized by extensive functions, such as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Glycosylation of protein has an important impact on conformational stability and active function of glycoprotein complex. Clarifying the structure of glycoprotein complex is the basis for further exploring its biological activities, and the release of sugar chains is one of the key points in the analysis of glycoprotein structures. Glycoprotein complex can affect the expression of immune-related proteins and factors by activating cell surface receptors, regulating intracellular immune signal transduction, and ultimately play an immunomodulatory role in the body. Meanwhile, the chemical structure and advanced structure of glycoprotein complex can significantly affect the immunomodulatory activity. This review focuses on chemical and advanced structural information of glycoprotein, the regulation mechanism of immunomodulation and the structure-activity relationship, which aims to provide a theoretical basis for the basic research on the immunomodulatory activity of food-derived glycoproteins and the development of related functional products.

內(nèi)容: The chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases) have become a global public health issue with its increasing morbidity and mortality. However, the effects of drug treatments are limited unless the diet or living habit are monitored and controlled. The traditional Chinese medicine has advantages in treatment of chronic diseases because it can be utilized as both drug intervention and diet intervention. Mulberry leaf is a type of traditional Chinese medicine which possesses hpyerglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Therefore, mulberry leaves are widely used to treat chronic diseases. The 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the unique alkaloid and the primary component for hypoglycemic effects in the mulberry leaves. Meanwhile, DNJ has also been proved to exert anti-obesity, anti-cardiovascular diseases and anti-cancer effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear yet, which hinders the applications of DNJ in clinic and food industry. Therefore, here we summarized the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of DNJ on the chronic diseases, proposed the key molecular mediators (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)) and discussed the future directions to promote the application of DNJ.

內(nèi)容: Irradiation as a cold sterilization technology is increasingly used in chicken breast. The odor of animal food produced by medium dose irradiation is rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of irradiation intensity on the distribution of volatile compounds in chicken breast, and to provide the appropriate irradiation methods for reference to decontamination of chicken breast in practice. The volatiles in chicken breast at different irradiation doses were investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and GC-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). There were 91 aroma compounds identified in this study, including 12 esters, 13 ketones, 15 aldehydes, 14 alcohols and so on. The volatiles in the irradiated chicken breasts were different from those in the non-irradiated chicken breasts. Sensory evaluation was conducted on irradiated chicken breasts, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis was performed in combination with the volatile compound concentration to identify the characteristic compounds that contributed significantly to the fruity, musty, greasy, chicken flavor and paint flavor. It was indicated that (E)-2-octenal (odor activity value: 0.13?2.13), 1-octen-3-ol (7.66?113.44), nonanal (3.03?215.35), and acetoin (0.85?1.43) might be the characteristic compounds for irradiate-generated off-flavors. The irradiation intensity of 4 and 6 kGy had little negative effect on the flavor of chicken breast. In practical application, the irradiation dose of 4?6 kGy can be selected. Our study provided a reference for the selection of irradiation intensity in the processing of chicken breast, and revealed that the volatile substances had a great influence on the flavor of irradiated chicken breast, which laid a foundation for subsequent flavor regulation.

內(nèi)容: Ginseng has high medicinal value. Different ginseng have different benefits, but how they work in the body’s immune metabolism is unclear. In this study, different types of ginseng were ingested and serum cytokines, some metabolite concentrations and metabolic enzyme expression levels were measured. Intercellular communication networks and metabolic networks were constructed and analyzed for correlation. The results show that the effect of wild ginseng on cytokine secretion and metabolic pathway fluxes was greater. An intake of garden ginseng activated aerobic glycolysis to enhance immunity, while an intake of forest ginseng and wild ginseng increased pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation activity to promote immunity. Therefore, the intake of 500 mg/person of forest ginseng or 100 mg/person of wild ginseng was beneficial to health. The study of cytokines and metabolic networks may also provide new ideas for exploring the effects of ginseng and others on the body.

內(nèi)容: Ionizing radiation (IR) can produce superfluous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce oxidative damage to human health. In view of the shortcomings of chemosynthetic radioprotectors, natural radioprotectors have garnered attention due to their effectiveness, safety, and suitability for long-term use. Natural active substances, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols and alkaloids, have been proved exert good radioprotective effect. In the present study, the main components and monosaccharide compositions of the polysaccharides from Poria cocos peels (PCPP) and its radioprotective activities against 60Co-γ induced oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo were evaluated. The results showed that PCPP contained (63.13 ± 3.19)% of total sugar and was composed of mannose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and fucose in a molar radio of 104.84:1.34:2.83:1.00:290.48:243.30:79.63. Moreover, PCPP exhibited significant antioxidant activity and could significantly reduce the damage of AML-12 cells under IR. Animal experiment results showed that PCPP could effectively reduce IR-induced oxidative damage of spleens and livers in mice, and alleviate the damage to the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, PCPP could greatly increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of glutathione (GSH) in serum, livers and spleens of 60Co-γ induced mice, and correspondingly reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), along with the prominent reduction of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum and livers in mice. Above results comprehensively indicated that PCPP exerted significant antioxidant activity and could effectively reduce the 60Co-γ induced damage in vitro and in vivo.

內(nèi)容: Due to the increase in aging populations and the prevalence of aging-associated diseases, there is a growing interest in finding therapeutic interventions. Antioxidants play a vital role in mitigating the adverse conditions associated with aging. In this study, we investigated the impact of Dendrobium officinale alkaloids (DOA) cultivated in diverse environments on antioxidative and anti-aging responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. Three distinct sources of DOA, represented as tree (TR)-DOA, greenhouse (GH)-DOA, and rock (RK)-DOA, were examined. Following initial testing of three DOA concentrations, 10 μg/mL was selected, which increased the C. elegans TJ1060 lifespan by 23%, and exhibited no toxicity. TR-DOA, GH-DOA, and RK-DOA exhibited robust antioxidative effects, significantly reducing reactive oxygen species levels by 37%, 54%, and 60%, respectively on day 1, and 68%, 73%, and 75% on day 5, respectively. On day 4, TR-DOA, GH-DOA, and RK-DOA significantly reduced lipofuscin levels by 36%, 51%, and 39%, respectively (P < 0.000 1). On day 8, lipofuscin levels were significantly reduced by 34% (P < 0.01), 32% (P < 0.05), and 33% (P < 0.05), respectively. TR-DOA, GH-DOA, and RK-DOA, likewise, significantly reduced the level of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, HSP-4::GFP, by 36%, 37%, and 35%, respectively (P < 0.000 1) on day 1, and by 38%, 40%, and 45%, respectively (P < 0.000 1) on day 8. Compared to the control, RK-DOA, GH-DOA, and TR-DOA significantly upregulated HSP-6::GFP (P < 0.000 1, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively), and enhanced heat stress resistance (P < 0.000 1, P < 0.001, and P < 0.01, respectively). RK-DOA, GH-DOA, and TR-DOA significantly reduced α-synuclein aggregation by 31%, 25%, and 18% respectively on day 1 (P < 0.000 1, P < 0.000 1, and P < 0.01, respectively), and by 32%, 27%, and 12% on day 3 (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P > 0.05, respectively). RK-DOA, GH-DOA, and TR-DOA delayed paralysis (P < 0.000 1, in all cases) and significantly increased worm activity (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.01, respectively). RK-DOA, GH-DOA, and TR-DOA also significantly increased the rate of body bend on day 5 (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.000 1) and day 10 (P < 0.001, P < 0.000 1, P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that DOA, particularly RK-DOA, offers promising antioxidative and anti-aging benefits in C. elegans. The differential responses among DOA variants highlight the importance of the cultivation environment in shaping the bioactivity of natural compounds.

內(nèi)容: Actinidia arguta fruit is famous for its nutritional value, and we can eat the whole fruit with seeds. However, the nutrition of the seeds has yet to be systematically studied, while the value of seeds as by-products of processed products is worth exploring. Besides, the nutritional composition in distinct germplasms has not been reported. In this study, the nutritional indexes of 39 germplasms A. arguta seeds, including fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, phenolic, flavonoids, and starch had been compared and the correlations of these nutrition also had been explored. The results provided that A. arguta seeds were rich in nutrition. Eight fatty acids were found and the ω-6/ω-3 ratio was 0.07 to 2.01. The total amino acid contents ranged from 9.25 to 29.45 mg/100 g. The largest major mineral element was magnesium (216.62?42 117.22 mg/kg), and the largest trace mineral element was iron (13.05?1 326.48 mg/kg). The phenolic, flavonoids, and starch contents were 1.33?5.82 mg/g, 0.41?0.87 mg/g, 11.29%?31.93%, respectively. There were correlations among nutritional indexes, which had significant differences in 39 germplasms of A. arguta seeds. In order to assess comprehensive nutrition, using the weighted average score system and one germplasm, CJ No.1, with superior nutritional quality, was identified. The results of this study will enrich the research content of A. arguta seed, provide theoretical guidance for A. arguta seed to become a dietary supplement, reduce the production and processing waste, and promote the development of A. arguta processing industry.

內(nèi)容: Changes in the quality of eggs during storage relate to their shelf life and economic value. Factors such as temperature, relative humidity, the operation of cleaning and microorganisms have been shown to play a role in the storage quality of eggs. This study thus aimed at investigating the effect of hen age on the storage quality of egg, and predicting egg shelf life using back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) based models. Eggs laid by Jingfen No.1 (27 and 58 weeks of age) and Jingfen No.6 (26 and 57 weeks of age) hens were stored under ambient conditions and evaluated by physicochemical properties. It was found that the shelf life of the lower age group was significantly longer than that of the higher age group. A novel hybrid model combining BP-ANN, cuckoo search and adaptive boosting (CS-BP-AdaBoost) was proposed for predicting the remaining egg shelf life, with the input being Haugh unit, yolk index, air cell depth, albumen pH, hen age and breed. The tuning process of hyperparameters such as learning rate, training function, and transfer function was presented in detail. Results show that CS-BP-AdaBoost had satisfactory performance on the test set with root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.68 and 0.97, respectively. And it outperformed BP-ANN by reducing RMSE by 0.39 and improving R2 by 0.05. The model used solved the problem that the traditional BP-ANN tends to fall into local minima. The removal of hen age from the input parameters caused a decrease in prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 1.00), suggesting an important role of hen age in shelf life prediction. This study demonstrates the great potential of applying combinatorial modeling approaches to predict egg shelf life and the crucial impact of hen age on egg shelf life prediction.

內(nèi)容: More and more studies have reported the role of Paecilomyces hepiali polysaccharides in bidirectional regulation (immune enhancement and anti-inflammatory). However, there are few collaborative studies on the structure, immune enhancement, and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides from the fermentation broth of P. hepiali (PHP) and the mechanisms are still unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying the dual-immunomodulatory (immune enhancement and anti-inflammatory). PHP40 was precipitated with 40% ethanol from PHP40 and further purified to obtain PHP40-2. The chemical characteristics of PHP40-2 was analyzed by chemical and instrumental analyses, and the double immunomodulatory effects of RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. PHP40-2 was a heteropolysaccharide composed of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, α-D-Glcp-(1→, and →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and its molecular weight was 6.2 × 105 Da. The nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis activity, and cytokine secretion were significantly increased (P < 0.05) after PHP40-2 treatment; however, PHP40-2 could inhibit NO production and cytokine secretion in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages (P < 0.05). After mRNA and protein expression analysis, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was discovered to play an important role in the dual-immunomodulatory effects of PHP40-2. This study reveals that the fermentation broth of PHP is also a valuable resource and PHP40-2 has the potential to be developed as a novel functional food.